Thin film and organic light-emitting device including the same

ABSTRACT

A thin film including a combination of a donor compound and an acceptor compound, and a phosphorescent dopant, wherein the donor compound and the acceptor compound form an exciplex having characteristics described in the specification.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/293,966, filed on Mar. 6, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/245,545, filed on Aug. 24, 2016, in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, which claims priority to Korean Patent Application Nos. 10-2015-0121235, filed on Aug. 27, 2015 and 10-2016-0027144, filed on Mar. 7, 2016, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and all the benefits accruing therefrom under 35 U.S.C. § 119, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

The present disclosure relates to a thin film and an organic light-emitting device including the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are self-emission devices that have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, and short response times. In addition, OLEDs display excellent luminescence, driving voltage, and response speed characteristics, and produce full-color images.

In an example, an organic light-emitting device includes an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer that is disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer. A hole transport region may be disposed between the anode and the emission layer, and an electron transport region may be disposed between the emission layer and the cathode. Holes provided from the anode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the cathode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons are changed from an excited state to a ground state, thereby generating light.

Various types of organic light emitting devices are known. However, there still remains a need in OLEDs having low driving voltage, high efficiency, high brightness, and long lifespan.

SUMMARY

Provided are a thin film including a combination, which provides an exciplex satisfying a predetermined equation, and a phosphorescent dopant, and an organic light-emitting device including the thin film, which is characterized by low driving voltage, high efficiency, high luminance, and long lifespan.

Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments.

According to an aspect of an embodiment, a thin film includes:

i) a combination of a donor compound and an acceptor compound, and

ii) a phosphorescent dopant,

wherein the donor compound and the acceptor compound form an exciplex,

wherein a maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) (Ex) in a photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 390 nanometers or greater and about 490 nanometers or less,

wherein a decay time T_(decay)(Ex) of delayed fluorescence in a time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 100 nanoseconds or greater,

wherein a ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion to the overall light-emitting portions in the time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 10% or greater,

wherein a photoluminescence stability of the exciplex is 59% or greater,

wherein the photoluminescence spectrum and the time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex are each a spectrum measured with respect to a film that is formed by co-deposition of the donor compound and the acceptor compound on a substrate at room temperature, and

wherein photoluminescence stability of the exciplex is evaluated according to Equation 10:

PL stability (%)=(I ₂ /I ₁)×100  Equation 10

wherein, in Equation 10,

I₁ is an intensity of a light at the maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) (Ex) in a photoluminescence spectrum of Film 1, which is obtained immediately after formation of a film by co-deposition of the donor compound and the acceptor compound on a substrate, measured at room temperature in an inert atmosphere in which external air is excluded, and

I₂ is an intensity of a light at the maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) (Ex) in a photoluminescence spectrum of Film 2, which is obtained after exposure of the Film 1 to pumping laser light used in the evaluation of I₁ in an inert atmosphere in which external air is excluded for 3 hours, measured at room temperature in an inert atmosphere in which external air is excluded.

According to an aspect of another embodiment, an organic light-emitting device includes:

a first electrode,

a second electrode, and

an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the organic layer includes the thin film.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and/or other aspects will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section of an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

FIGS. 2A to 2F are each a graph of normalized photoluminescence (PL) intensity (arbitrary units, a.u.) versus wavelength (nanometers, nm) showing a photoluminescence (PL) spectrum for a film, wherein the PL spectrum is measured according to Evaluation Example 1;

FIGS. 3A to 3F are each a graph of normalized photoluminescence intensity (arbitrary units, a.u.) versus time (nanoseconds, ns) showing a time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectrum for a film, wherein the TRPL spectrum is measured according to Evaluation Example 1;

FIGS. 4A to 4D are each a graph of normalized photoluminescence (PL) intensity (arbitrary units, a.u.) versus wavelength (nanometers, nm) showing a PL spectrum (denoted as As prepared) measured for each of Films D11:A2, TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP:B3PYMPM, and TCTA:3TPYMB immediately after the formation of these films and a PL spectrum (denoted as 3-hr exposed) measured for the same films after the exposure of the films to light from a laser for 3 hours;

FIG. 5A is a graph of current density (milliamperes per square centimeter, mA/cm²) versus voltage (volts, V), which is a voltage-current density graph of an organic light-emitting device (OLED), wherein the OLED is prepared according to Example 2 and referred to as OLED 4;

FIG. 5B is a graph of efficiency (candelas per ampere, CIE y coordinate, Cd/A/CIEy) versus luminance (candelas per square meter, Cd/m²), which is a luminance-efficiency graph of an organic light-emitting device (OLED), wherein the OLED is prepared according to Example 2 and referred to as OLED 4; and

FIG. 5C is a graph of luminance (percent, %) versus time (hours, h), which is a time-luminance graph of an organic light-emitting device (OLED), wherein the OLED is prepared according to Example 2 and referred to as OLED 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

The present disclosure will now be described more fully with reference to exemplary embodiments. The disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Advantages, features, and how to achieve them of the present inventive concept will become apparent by reference to the embodiment that will be described later in detail, together with the accompanying drawings. This inventive concept may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be limited to the exemplary embodiments.

Hereinafter, embodiments are described in detail by referring to the attached drawings, and in the drawings, like reference numerals denote like elements, and a redundant explanation thereof will not be provided herein.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers, and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, or section from another element, component, region, layer, or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer, or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer, or section without departing from the teachings of the present embodiments.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

The term “or” means “and/or.” It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising” or “includes” and/or “including” used herein specify the presence of stated features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, regions, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components.

It will be understood that when a layer, region, or component is referred to as being “on” or “onto” another layer, region, or component, it may be directly or indirectly formed on the other layer, region, or component. That is, for example, intervening layers, regions, or components may be present.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this general inventive concept belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments described herein should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions as illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, a region illustrated or described as flat may, typically, have rough and/or nonlinear features. Moreover, sharp angles that are illustrated may be rounded. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the precise shape of a region and are not intended to limit the scope of the present claims.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a thin film includes a combination (which can be a mixture) of a donor compound and an acceptor compound. The donor compound and the acceptor compound in the combination form an exciplex.

The donor compound may be an electron-donor compound having better electron-donating properties than its electron-withdrawing properties, and the acceptor compound may be an electron-acceptor compound having better electron-withdrawing properties than its electron-donating properties. In this regard, the donor compound may be a hole transport compound, and the acceptor compound may be an electron transport compound.

The exciplex may be an excited state complex that is formed between the donor compound and the acceptor compound.

A maximum emission wavelength (λ_(max) (Ex)) in a photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the exciplex in the combination may be about 390 nanometers (nm) or greater to about 490 nm or less, for example, about 390 nm or greater to about 450 nm or less, or about 390 nm or greater and less than about 440 nm. In various embodiments, the maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) (Ex) in the PL spectrum of the exciplex in the combination may be about 390 nm or greater to about 427 nm or less, or about 412 nm or greater to about 427 nm or less. In this regard, the combination may emit blue light. For example, the combination may emit blue light having a CIE x-coordinate in a range of about 0.182 to about 0.307 and a CIE y-coordinate in a range of about 0.092 to about 0.523.

A decay time (T_(decay) (Ex)) of delayed fluorescence in a time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectrum of the exciplex in the combination may be about 100 nanoseconds (ns) or greater, for example, about 100 ns or greater to about 10 milliseconds (ms). In addition, a percentage of a delayed fluorescent component to the overall light-emitting components in the TRPL spectrum of the exciplex may be about 10% or greater. In this regard, the exciplex may exhibit up-conversion in an efficient manner from a triplet state (Ti) to a singlet state (Si), thereby emitting delayed fluorescence with high efficiency. Thus, when the combination is used, an electronic device, such as an organic light-emitting device, may be implemented with high efficiency.

The PL spectrum and the TRPL spectrum of the exciplex may each be a spectrum measured with respect to a film that is formed by co-deposition of the donor compound and the acceptor compound on a substrate (for example, a quartz substrate) at room temperature, and the measurement may be understood by referring to Examples described below.

The decay time T_(decay) (Ex) may be evaluated by using known methods in the art based on the TRPL spectrum of the exciplex. For example, the decay time T_(decay) (Ex) may be evaluated by using a method described in Evaluation Example 1, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion (referred to as a DF portion) may be evaluated by using methods in the art based on the TRPL spectrum of the exciplex. For example, the ratio of the DF portion may be evaluated by using a method described in Evaluation Example 1, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The exciplex in the combination may have PL stability of about 59% or greater, for example, about 60% or greater, for example, about 70% or greater. In various embodiments, the exciplex in the combination may have PL stability of about 80% or greater, for example, about 90% or greater. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that when the exciplex in the combination has PL stability within these ranges, an organic light-emitting device including the combination may have long lifespan.

The PL stability of the exciplex may be evaluated according to Equation 10:

PL stability (%)=(I ₂ /I ₁)×100  Equation 10

wherein, in Equation 10,

I₁ is an intensity (arbitrary units, a.u.) of a light at the maximum emission wavelength (λ_(max) (Ex)) in a PL spectrum of Film 1, which is obtained immediately after formation of a film by co-deposition of the donor compound and the acceptor compound on a substrate, measured at room temperature in an inert atmosphere in which external air is excluded, and

I₂ is an intensity (arbitrary units, a.u.) of a light at the maximum emission wavelength (λ_(max) (Ex)) in a PL spectrum of Film 2, which is obtained after exposure of the Film 1 to pumping laser light used in the evaluation of I₁ in an inert atmosphere in which external air is excluded for 3 hours, measured at room temperature in an inert atmosphere in which external air is excluded.

The evaluation of PL stability according to an embodiment may be understood by referring to Examples and Evaluation Examples below.

In various embodiments, an absolute value of a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level for the donor compound (|HOMO (D)|) may be about 5.78 electron volts (eV) or less, for example, about 4.84 eV or greater to about 5.78 eV or less. In addition, an absolute value of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level for the acceptor compound (|LUMO (A)|) may be about 1.76 eV or greater, for example, about 1.76 eV or greater to about 2.43 eV or less. In this regard, the formation of exciplex in the combination may be increased, thereby an electronic device, for example, an organic light-emitting device, including the combination may have improved efficiency and lifespan.

The HOMO energy level for the donor compound HOMO (D) may be calculated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the LUMO energy level for the acceptor compound LUMO (A) may be calculated based on an UV absorption spectrum measured at room temperature. The calculations may be understood by referring to Examples below.

In various embodiments, an absolute value of a difference between the HOMO energy level for the acceptor compound and the HOMO energy level for the donor compound (|HOMO (A)−HOMO (D)|) may be 0 about 0.037 eV or greater to about 1.1 eV or less, for example, about 0.04 eV or greater to about 0.9 eV or less. In addition, an absolute value of a difference between a LUMO energy level for the acceptor compound and a LUMO energy level for the donor compound (|LUMO (A)−LUMO (D)|) may be about 0.001 eV or greater to about 1.1 eV or less, for example, about 0.01 eV or greater to about 0.9 eV or less. In this regard, the donor compound may facilitate movement of holes while the acceptor compound may facilitate movement of electrons, thereby forming an exciplex at an interface between the donor compound and the acceptor compound efficiently. Thus, an electronic device, for example, an organic light-emitting device, including the combination may have high efficiency and long lifespan.

The donor compound may include at least one selected from a carbazole-containing ring, a dibenzofuran-containing ring, a dibenzothiophene-containing ring, an indenocarbazole-containing ring, an indolocarbazole-containing ring, a benzofurocarbazole-containing ring, a benzothienocarbazole-containing ring, an acridine-containing ring, a dihydroacridine-containing ring, and a tri-indolobenzene-containing ring, and the acceptor compound may include at least one selected from a carbazole-containing ring, a dibenzofuran-containing ring, a dibenzothiophene-containing ring, an indenocarbazole-containing ring, an indolocarbazole-containing ring, a benzofurocarbazole-containing ring, a benzothienocarbazole-containing ring, a pyridine-containing ring, a pyrimidine-containing ring, and a triazine-containing ring.

For example, the acceptor compound may include at least one electron-withdrawing group, and the electron-withdrawing group may be selected from:

—F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, —CN, and —NO₂;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group substituted with at least one selected from —F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, —CN, and —NO₂;

a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic heterocyclic group, each including *═N—*′ as a ring-forming moiety; and

a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic heterocyclic group, each including *═N*′ as a ring-forming moiety and each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In various embodiments, the donor compound may be selected from a compound represented by Formula D-1, and the acceptor compound may be selected from compounds represented by Formulae A-1 and A-2:

wherein, in Formulae D-1, A-1, A-2, and 11 to 14,

Ar₁ may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 11 and 12,

Ar₂ may be selected from:

groups represented by Formulae 11 and 12, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

Ar₁₁ and Ar₁₂ may each independently be selected from groups represented by Formulae 13 and 14,

X₁ may be N or C(T₁₄), X₂ may be N or C(T₁₅), and X₃ may be N or C(T_(1s)), wherein at least one selected from X₁ to X₃ may be N,

L₁ may be selected from:

a single bond, a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a carbazolylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, and a dibenzothiophenylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a carbazolylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, and a dibenzothiophenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃),

L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from: a single bond, a phenylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a carbazolylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, and a dibenzothiophenylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a carbazolylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, and a dibenzothiophenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a cyano group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃),

a1 and a11 to a13 are each independently an integer selected from 0 to 5, and when a1 is 2 or greater, groups L₁ are identical to or different from each other, when a11 is 2 or greater, groups L₁₁ are identical to or different from each other, when a12 is 2 or greater, groups L₁₂ are identical to or different from each other, and when a13 is 2 or greater, groups L₁₃ are identical to or different from each other,

CY₁ to CY₄ may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group,

A₁ may be selected from:

a single bond, a C₁-C₄ alkylene group, and a C₂-C₄ alkenylene group; and

a C₁-C₄ alkylene group and a C₂-C₄ alkenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),

A₂ may be selected from:

a single bond, a C₁-C₄ alkylene group, and a C₂-C₄ alkenylene group; and

a C₁-C₄ alkylene group and a C₂-C₄ alkenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),

R₁, R₁₀, and R₂₀ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃),

T₁₁ to T₁₆, R₂, R₃₀, and R₄₀ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃),

b1 to b4 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 10,

at least one of substituent(s) of the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and

Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

For example, Ar₁ in Formula D-1 may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 11-1 to 11-8 and 12-1 to 12-8,

Ar₂ in Formula D-1 may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 11-1 to 11-8 and 12-1 to 12-8, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group substituted with a phenyl group,

Ar₁₁ and Ar₁₂ in Formula A-1 may each independently be selected from groups represented by Formulae 13-1 to 13-8 and 14-1 to 14-8:

In Formulae 11-1 to 11-8, 12-1 to 12-8, 13-1 to 13-8, and 14-1 to 14-8,

X₁₁ and X₁₃ may each independently be C(R₁₇)(R₁₈), N(R₁₉), O or S,

X₁₂ and X₁₄ may each independently be C(R₃₇)(R₃₈), N(R₃₉), O or S,

R₁, R₂, A₁, and A₂ may each independently be the same as described in the present specification,

R₁₁ to R₁₉ may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₁₀ in the present specification,

R₂₁ to R₂₄ may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₂₀ in the present specification,

R₃₁ to R₃₉ may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₃₀ in the present specification,

R₄₁ to R₄₄ may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₄ in the present specification, and

* indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

For example, A₁ in Formulae 11, 12, 11-1 to 11-8, and 12-1 to 12-8 may be selected from:

a single bond, a C₁-C₂ alkylene group, and a C₂ alkenylene group; and

a C₁-C₂ alkylene group and a C₂ alkenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),

A₂ in Formulae 13, 14, 13-1 to 13-8, and 14-1 to 14-8 may be selected from:

a single bond, a C₁-C₂ alkylene group, and a C₂ alkenylene group; and

a C₁-C₂ alkylene group and a C₂ alkenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃),

R₂, R₃₀ to R₃₉, and R₄ to R₄₄ in Formulae 13, 14, 13-1 to 13-8, and 14-1 to 14-8 may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and

Q₁ to Q₃ and Q₂₁ to Q₂₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, Ar₁ in Formula D-1 may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 15-1 to 15-17 and 16-1 to 16-8,

Ar₂ in Formula D-1 may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 15-1 to 15-17 and 16-1 to 16-8, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and an imidazolyl group substituted with a phenyl group, and

Ar₁₁ and Ar₁₂ in Formula A-1 may each independently be selected from groups represented by Formulae 17-1 to 17-3, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In Formulae 15-1 to 15-17, 16-1 to 16-8, and 17-1 to 17-3,

X₁₁ and X₁₃ may each independently be C(R₁₇)(R₁₈), N(R₁₉), O, or S,

R′ and R″ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

R₁, R₁₀, R₂₀, R₃₀, and R₄₀ may each independently be the same as described in the present specification, and

R_(10a) to R_(10c) may each independently be the same as described in connection with R₁₀ in the present specification.

For example, in Formulae 15-1 to 15-17, 16-1 to 16-8, and 17-1 to 17-3,

R₁, R₁₀, R_(10a) to R_(10c), and R₂₀ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃),

R₃₀ and R₄₀ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H, and —CFH₂;

a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H and —CFH₂, a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and

Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments,

i) the donor compound is represented by Formula D-1, provided that the donor compound is selected from compounds in which L₁ in Formula D-1 is a single bond; or

ii) the donor compound is selected from compounds represented by Formulae D-1(1) to D-1(52):

In Formulae D-1(1) to D-1(52),

Ar₁ and Ar₂ may be the same as described in the present specification,

Y₅₁ may be C(Z₅₃)(Z₅₄), N(Z₅₅), O, or S,

Z₅₁ to Z₅₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), and

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

For example, in Formulae D-1(1) to D-1(52),

Ar₁ may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 11 and 12, and

Ar₂ may be selected from:

groups represented by Formulae 11 and 12, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group; and

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group.

In various embodiments, in Formulae D-1(1) to D-1(52),

Ar₁ may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 11-1 to 11-8 and 12-1 to 12-8, and

Ar₂ may be selected from groups represented by Formulae 11-1 to 11-8 and 12-1 to 12-8, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group substituted with a phenyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formulae A-1 and A-2, L₁₁ to L₁₃ may each independently be selected from groups represented by Formulae 3-1 to 3-56, wherein

i) at least one L₁₁ in the number of a11,

ii) at least one L₁₂ in the number of a12, and

iii) at least one L₁₃ in the number of a13 may each independently be selected from groups represented by Formulae 3-15 to 3-56:

In Formulae 3-1 to 3-56,

Y₁ may be selected from O, S, C(Z₃)(Z₄), and N(Z₅),

Z₁ to Z₅ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a cyano group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃),

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,

d4 may be an integer selected from 0 to 4,

d3 may be an integer selected from 0 to 3,

d2 may be an integer selected from 0 to 2, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In various embodiments, in Formulae A-1 and A-2, the groups represented by *-(L₁₁)_(a11)-*′, *-(L₁₂)_(a12)-*′, and *-(L₁₃)_(a13)*′ may each independently be selected from groups represented by Formulae 4-1 to 4-39:

In Formulae 4-1 to 4-39,

X₂₁ may be N or C(Z₂₁), X₂₂ may be N or C(Z₂₂), X₂₃ may be N or C(Z₂₃), X₂₄ may be N or C(Z₂₄), X₃₁ may be N or C(Z₃₁), X₃₂ may be N or C(Z₃₂), X₃₃ may be N or C(Z₃₃), X₃₄ may be N or C(Z₃₄), X₄₁ may be N or C(Z₄₁), X₄₂ may be N or C(Z₄₂), X₄₃ may be N or C(Z₄₃), and X₄₄ may be N or C(Z₄₄), provided that at least one of X₂₁ to X₂₄ are not N, at least one of X₃₁ to X₃₄ are not N, and at least one of X₄₁ to X₄₄ are not N,

Z₂₁ to Z₂₄, Z₃₁ to Z₃₄, and Z₄₁ to Z₄₄ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a cyano group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃),

Q₁₁ to Q₁₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In various embodiments, in Formula A-2, T₁₁ to T_(1s) may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H, and —CFH₂;

a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, —CF₃, —CF₂H, and —CFH₂;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and

Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group.

For example, in Formula A-2, T₁₁ to T_(1s) may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group —CF₃, —CF₂H, and —CFH₂;

a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group —CF₃, —CF₂H, and —CFH₂;

a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;

a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and

Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group.

In various embodiments,

i) the acceptor compound is represented by Formula A-1, provided that the acceptor compound is selected from compounds in which Ar₁₁ and Ar₁₂ in Formula A-1 are each independently selected from groups represented by Formulae 17-1 to 17-3, and at least one of Ar₁₁ and Ar₁₂ is selected from groups represented by Formulae 17-2 and 17-3;

ii) the acceptor compound is represented by Formula A-1, provided that the acceptor compound is selected from compounds in which L₁₁ in Formula A-1 is selected from groups represented by Formulae 3-15 and 3-28, and at least one L₁₁ in the number of a11 is selected from groups represented by Formulae 6-1 to 6-4; or

iii) the acceptor compound is represented by Formula A-2, provided that the acceptor compound is selected from compounds in which X₁ to X₃ in Formula A-2 are all N, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, the donor compound may be selected from Compounds D1 to D17, and the acceptor compound may be selected from Compounds A1 to A11, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

The thin film may further include, in addition to the combination, a phosphorescent dopant.

The phosphorescent dopant may include a dopant that can emit light according to a phosphorescent emission mechanism.

The phosphorescent dopant may be selected from a red phosphorescent dopant, a green phosphorescent dopant, and a blue phosphorescent dopant.

In various embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be a green phosphorescent dopant or a blue phosphorescent dopant, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 81:

wherein, in Formulae 81 and 81A,

M may be selected from iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), and rhodium (Rh),

L₈₁ may be a ligand represented by Formula 81A and n81 may be an integer selected from 1 to 3, and when n81 is 2 or greater, groups L₈₁ may be identical to or different from each other,

L₈₂ may be an organic ligand and n82 may be an integer selected from 0 to 4, and when n82 is 2 or greater, groups L₈₂ may be identical to or different from each other,

Y₈₁ to Y₈₄ may each independently be C or N,

Y₈₁ and Y₈₂ may be connected through a single bond or a double bond, and Y₈₃ and Y₈₄ may be connected through a single bond or a double bond,

Y₈₁ and CY₈₂ may each independently be selected from a C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group and a C₁-C₃₀ heterocarbocyclic group,

CY₈₁ and CY₈₂ may be optionally further bonded to each other through an organic linking group,

R₈₁ to R₈₅ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, —SF₅, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₈₁)(Q₈₂)(Q₈₃), —N(Q₈₄)(Q₈₅), —B(Q₈₆)(Q₈₇), and —P(═O)(Q₈₈)(Q₈₉),

a81 to a83 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 5, and when a81 is 2 or greater, groups R₈₁ may be identical to or different from each other, when a8 is 2 or greater, groups R₈₂ may be identical to or different from each other, when a8 is 2 or greater, neighboring groups R₈₁ may be optionally bonded to each other to form a saturated or unsaturated ring, and when a82 is 2 or greater, neighboring groups R₈₂ may be optionally bonded to each other to form a saturated or unsaturated ring,

* and *′ in Formula 81A each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 81,

at least one of substituent(s) of the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and —Si(Q₉₁)(Q₉₂)(Q₉₃), and

Q₈₁ to Q₈₉ and Q₉₁ to Q₉₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A,

a83 may be 1 or 2, and

R₈₃ to R₈₅ may each independently be selected from:

—CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CD₃, —CH₂CD₂H, —CH₂CDH₂, —CHDCH₃, —CHDCD₂H, —CHDCDH₂, —CHDCD₃, —CD₂CD₃, —CD₂CD₂H, and —CD₂CDH₂;

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group; and

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, and a phenyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A,

Y₈₁ may be N,

Y₈₂ and Y₈₃ may each independently be C,

Y₈₄ may be N or C,

CY₈₁ and CY₈₂ may each independently be selected from a cyclopentadiene group, a benzene group, a heptalene group, an indene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, a heptalene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a pentacene group, a hexacene group, a pentaphene group, a rubicene group, a corozene group, an ovalene group, a pyrrole group, an iso-indole group, an indole group, an indazole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a purine group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a benzimidazole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, an iso-benzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, an isobenzoxazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene sulfone group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilol group, and a 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A, Y₈₁ may be N, Y₈₂ to Y₈₄ may each independently be C, CY₈₁ may be selected from a 5-membered ring including, as a ring-forming atom, two nitrogen atoms, and CY₈₂ may be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A, Y₈₁ may be N, Y₈₂ to Y₈₄ may each independently be C, CY₈₁ may be an imidazole group or a 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole group, and CY₈₂ may be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A,

Y₈₁ may be N,

Y₈₂ to Y₈₄ may each independently be C,

CY₈₁ may be selected from a pyrrole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a benzimidazole group, an iso-benzothiazole group, a benzoxazole group, and an isobenzoxazole group, and

CY₈₂ may be selected from a cyclopentadiene group, a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene sulfone group, a carbazole group, and a dibenzosilol group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A,

R₈₁ and R₈₂ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, —SF₅, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, and an imidazopyrimidinyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, and an imidazopyrimidinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, and an imidazopyrimidinyl group; and

—B(Q₈₆)(Q₈₇) and —P(═O)(Q₈₈)(Q₈₉) and

Q₈₆ to Q₈₉ may each independently be selected from:

—CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CD₃, —CH₂CD₂H, —CH₂CDH₂, —CHDCH₃, —CHDCD₂H, —CHDCDH₂, —CHDCD₃, —CD₂CD₃, —CD₂CD₂H, and —CD₂CDH₂;

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group; and

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, and a phenyl group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A, R₈₁ and R₈₂ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SF₅, a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an iso-hexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an iso-heptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an iso-octyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an iso-nonyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an iso-decyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, a pentoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group;

a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an iso-hexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an iso-heptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an iso-octyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an iso-nonyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an iso-decyl group, a sec-decyl group, a tert-decyl group, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, a pentoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group; and

—B(Q₈₆)(Q₈₇) and —P(═O)(Q₈₈)(Q₈₉), and

Q₈₆ to Q₈₉ may each independently be selected from:

—CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CD₃, —CH₂CD₂H, —CH₂CDH₂, —CHDCH₃, —CHDCD₂H, —CHDCDH₂, —CHDCD₃, —CD₂CD₃, —CD₂CD₂H, and —CD₂CDH₂;

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group; and

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, and a phenyl group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A, R₈₁ and R₈₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SF₅, —CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, groups represented by Formulae 9-1 to 9-19, and groups represented by Formulae 10-1 to 10-30, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In Formulae 9-1 to 9-17 and 10-1 to 10-30, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A, at least one selected from R₈₁ in the number of a81 and R₈₂ in the number of a82 may be a cyano group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A, at least one R₈₂ in the number of a82 may be a cyano group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81A, at least one selected from R₈₁ in the number of a81 and R₈₂ in the number of a82 may be deuterium.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81, L₈₂ may be selected from ligands represented by Formulae 3-1(1) to 3-1(60), 3-1(61) to 3-1(69), 3-1(71) to 3-1(79), 3-1(81) to 3-1(88), 3-1(91) to 3-1(98), and 3-1(101) to 3-1(114):

In Formulae 3-1(1) to 3-1(60), 3-1(61) to 3-1(69), 3-1(71) to 3-1(79), 3-1(81) to 3-1(88), 3-1(91) to 3-1(98), and 3-1(101) to 3-1(114),

X₁ may be O, S, C(Z₂₁)(Z₂₂), or N(Z₂₃),

X₃₁ may be N or C(Z_(1a)),

X₃₂ may be N or C(Z_(1b)),

X₄₁ may be O, S, N(Z_(1a)), or C(Z_(1a))(Z_(1b)),

Z₁ to Z₄, Z_(1a), Z_(1b), Z_(1c), Z_(1d), Z_(2a), Z_(2b), Z_(2c), Z_(2d), Z₁₁ to Z₁₄, and Z₂₁ to Z₂₃ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, —SF₅, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, and an imidazopyrimidinyl group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, and an imidazopyrimidinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, an isobenzothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, and an imidazopyrimidinyl group; and

—B(Q₈₆)(Q₈₇) and —P(═O)(Q₈₈)(Q₈₉),

Q₈₆ to Q₈₉ may each independently be selected from:

—CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CD₃, —CH₂CD₂H, —CH₂CDH₂, —CHDCH₃, —CHDCD₂H, —CHDCDH₂, —CHDCD₃, —CD₂CD₃, —CD₂CD₂H, and —CD₂CDH₂;

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group; and

an n-propyl group, an iso-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an iso-pentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, and a phenyl group,

d2 and e2 may each independently be 0 or 2,

e3 may be an integer selected from 0 to 3,

d4 and e4 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 4,

d6 and e6 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 6,

d8 and e8 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 8, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 1.

For example, Z₁ to Z₄, Z_(1a), Z_(1b), Z_(1c), Z_(1d), Z_(2a), Z_(2b), Z_(2c), Z_(2d), Z₁₁ to Z₁₄, and Z₂₁ to Z₂₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a nitro group, —SF₅, —CH₃, —CD₃, —CD₂H, —CDH₂, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, groups represented by Formulae 9-1 to 9-19, and groups represented by Formulae 10-1 to 10-30, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formula 81, M may be Ir and the sum of n81 and n82 may be 3; or

M may be Pt and the sum of n81 and n82 may be 2.

In various embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 81 may be an electrically neutral compound, rather than a salt consisting of a pair of a cation and an anion.

In various embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant in the film may include at least one selected from Compounds PD1 to PD79 and Flr₆, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

An amount of the phosphorescent dopant in the thin film may be generally in a range of about 0.01 to about 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the combination, but embodiments are not limited thereto. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that when the amount of the phosphorescent dopant is within this range, light emission without a quenching phenomenon may be implemented.

The thin film may be applied to an organic film of an electronic device, for example, an organic light-emitting device. Thus, according to another aspect of the present disclosure, an organic light-emitting device includes:

a first electrode,

a second electrode, and

an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode,

wherein the organic layer includes the thin film.

In various embodiments, the thin film applied to the organic layer may be an emission layer. Here, the combination included in the emission layer may serve as a host. An amount of the phosphorescent dopant in the emission layer may be smaller than that of the combination in the emission layer.

In the thin film, the donor compound and the acceptor compound described in the expression “the combination of the donor compound and the acceptor compound” may form an exciplex, wherein a maximum emission wavelength of the exciplex and a decay time of delayed fluorescence are satisfied within the ranges described in the present specification. That is, the combination may have a relatively high triplet state T₁ energy level and a relatively low singlet state S₁ energy level at the same time. In this regard, a difference between the triplet state T₁ energy level singlet state S₁ energy level of the exciplex in the combination and the triplet state T₁ energy level of the phosphorescent dopant in the combination may become relatively small, and thus the energy may be efficiently transferred to the phosphorescent dopant in the combination of the film (for example, the combination having a role of a host). Accordingly, an electronic device, for example, an organic light-emitting device, including the thin film may have low driving voltage, high efficiency, and long lifespan at the same time.

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment. Hereinafter, the structure of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the organic light-emitting device 10, according to an embodiment, will be described in connection with FIG. 1. The organic light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 11, an organic layer 15, and a second electrode 19 that are sequentially stacked in the stated order.

A substrate may be additionally disposed under the first electrode 11 or above the second electrode 19. For use as the substrate, any substrate that is used in general organic light-emitting devices may be used, and the substrate may be a glass substrate or a transparent plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water-resistance.

The first electrode 11 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 11 on the substrate. The first electrode 11 may be an anode. The material for forming the first electrode 11 may be selected from materials with a high work function to facilitate hole injection. The first electrode 11 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. The material for forming the first electrode 11 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), or zinc oxide (ZnO). In various embodiments, metals, such as magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), or magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag) may be used as the material for forming the first electrode 11.

The first electrode 11 may have a single-layered structure, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers. For example, the first electrode 11 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO, but the structure of the first electrode 11 is not limited thereto.

The organic layer 15 is disposed on the first electrode 11.

The organic layer 15 may include a hole transport region, an emission layer, and an electron transport region.

The hole transport region may be disposed between the first electrode 11 and the emission layer.

The hole transport region may include at least one selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron blocking layer, and a buffer layer.

The hole transport region may include only either a hole injection layer or a hole transport layer. In various embodiments, the hole transport region may have a structure of hole injection layer/hole transport layer or a structure of hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer, wherein, for each structure, constituting layers are sequentially stacked from the first electrode 11 in the stated order.

When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, the hole injection layer may be formed on the first electrode 11 by using one or more suitable methods, such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, or Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition.

When the hole injection layer is formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition conditions may vary according to a compound that is a material used to form the hole injection layer, and a structure and thermal characteristics of the hole injection layer to be formed. For example, the deposition conditions may be selected from a deposition temperature range of about 100 to about 500° C., a vacuum degree range of about 10⁻⁸ to about 10⁻³ torr, and a deposition rate range of about 0.01 to about 100 Angstroms per second (A/sec). However, the deposition conditions are not limited thereto.

When the hole injection layer is formed by spin coating, the coating conditions may vary according to a compound used as a material to form the hole injection layer, and a structure and thermal characteristics of the hole injection layer to be formed. For example, the coating conditions may be selected from a coating rate range of about 2,000 to about 5,000 revolutions per minute (rpm), and a temperature at which a heat treatment is performed to remove a solvent after coating may be selected from a range of about 80° C. to 200° C. However, the spin coating conditions are not limited thereto.

Conditions for forming a hole transport layer and an electron blocking layer may be understood by referring to conditions for forming the hole injection layer.

The hole transport region may, for example, at least one selected from m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB, β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (Pani/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (Pani/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (Pani/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201, and a compound represented by Formula 202:

In Formula 201, Ar₁₀₁ and Ar₁₀₂ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, and a pentacenylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, and a pentacenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In Formula 201, xa and xb may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 5, or may each independently be 0, 1, or 2. For example, in Formula 201, xa may be 1 and xb may be 0, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formulae 201 and 202, R₁₀₁ to R₁₀₈, R₁₁₁ to R₁₁₉, and R₁₂₁ to R₁₂₄ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, or a hexyl group), and a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group (for example, a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, a butoxy group, or a pentoxy group);

a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, and a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof;

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluorenyl group, and a pyrenyl group; and

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluorenyl group, and a pyrenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formula 201, R₁₀₉ may be selected from:

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

In various embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In Formula 201A, R₁₀₁, R₁₁₁, R₁₁₂, and R₁₀₉ may be the same as described in the present specification.

For example, the compound represented by Formula 201 and the compound represented by Formula 202 may each independently include Compounds HT1 to HT20, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Angstroms (Å) to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes at least one of a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 10,000 Å, and for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and the thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, and for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that when the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The hole transport region may further include, in addition to materials described above, a charge-generating material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generating material may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.

The charge-generating material may be, for example, a p-dopant. The p-dopant may be one selected from a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments are not limited thereto. Examples of the p-dopant include quinone derivatives, such as tetracyanoquinonedimethane (TCNQ) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-tetracyano-1,4-benzoquinonedimethane (F4-TCNQ); metal oxides, such as tungsten oxide and molybdenum oxide; and cyano group-containing compounds, such as Compounds HT-D1 and HP-1, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

The hole transport region may further include a buffer layer.

The buffer layer may compensate for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted from the emission layer, and thus a light-emission efficiency of the formed organic light-emitting device may be improved.

The hole transport region may further include an electron blocking layer. The electron blocking layer may include a material known in the art, for example, mCP, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In various embodiments, the donor compound included in the emission layer may be used as a material for the electron blocking layer.

The emission layer may be disposed on the hole transport region by using one or more suitable methods, such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, or LB deposition. When the emission layer is formed by vacuum deposition and spin coating, the deposition and coating conditions may vary according to a compound that is used to form the emission layer, but generally, may be determined by referring to the deposition and coating conditions for the hole injection layer.

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full-color organic light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer. In various embodiments, the emission layer may have a structure in which a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer are stacked on each other, to thereby emit white light.

The emission layer may include the thin film.

For example, the emission layer may have a single-layered structure including the thin film, or a multi-layered structure including other additional emission layers known in the art.

A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that when the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, the emission layer may have excellent light-emitting characteristics without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Next, the electron transport region is disposed on the emission layer.

The electron transport region may include at least one selected from a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.

For example, the electron transport region may have a structure of hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer or a structure of electron transport layer/electron injection layer, but embodiments are not limited thereto. The electron transport layer may have a single-layered structure, or a multi-layered structure including two or more materials.

Conditions for forming a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer in the electron transport region may be understood by referring to conditions for forming the hole injection layer.

When the electron transport region includes a hole blocking layer, the hole blocking layer may include, for example, at least one of BCP and Bphen, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In various embodiments, as a material for the hole blocking layer, a compound that is same as the acceptor compound used for the emission layer may be used.

A thickness of the hole blocking layer may be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that when the thickness of the hole blocking layer is within these ranges, satisfactory hole blocking characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport layer may further include at least one selected from BCP, Bphen, Alq₃, BAlq, TAZ, and NTAZ:

In various embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 40 or Formula 41 may be used as an electron transporting material in the electron transport layer:

In Formulae 40 and 41,

L₄₁ and L₄₂ may each independently be selected from:

a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group,

a41 and a42 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

Ar₄₁ and Ar₄₂ may each independently be selected from:

a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group, and

R₄₁ and R₄₂ may each independently be selected from:

a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzopyrimidinyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluorenyl group, and a phenanthrenyl group; and

a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzopyrimidinyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluorenyl group, and a phenanthrenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzopyrimidinyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluorenyl group, and a phenanthrenyl group.

In Formulae 40 and 41, L₄₁ and L₄₂ may each independently be the same as described in connection with L₁₁ in the present specification.

In various embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 42 may be used as an electron transporting material in the electron transport layer:

In Formula 42,

T₁ may be N or C(R₂₀₁), T₂ may be N or C(R₂₀₂), and T₃ may be N or C(R₂₀₃), wherein at least one selected from T₁ to T₃ may be N,

R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group,

Ar₂₀₁ to Ar₂₀₃ may each independently be selected from:

a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group,

p, q, and r may each independently be 0, 1, or 2, and

Ar₂₁₁ and Ar₂₁₃ may each independently be selected from:

a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; and

a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group.

In various embodiments, in Formula 42, at least two selected from T₁ to T₃ may be N.

In various embodiments, in Formula 42, all of T₁ to T₃ may be N.

In Formula 42, Ar₂₀₁ to Ar₂₀₃ may each independently be selected from:

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, an anthrylene group, a pyrenylene group, a fluorenylene group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyridinylene group, and a pyrimidinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, an anthrylene group, a pyrenylene group, a fluorenylene group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyridinylene group, and a pyrimidinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, a pyrenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyridinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formula 42, p, q, and r may each independently be 0, 1, or 2. For example, in Formula 42, p, q, and r may each independently be 0 or 1, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formula 42, Ar₂₁₁ to Ar₂₁₃ may each independently be selected from:

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzopyrimidinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, and a triazinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzopyrimidinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, and a triazinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formula 42, at least one selected from Ar₂₁₁ to Ar₂₁₃ may be selected from:

a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzopyrimidinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, and a triazinyl group; and

a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzopyrimidinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, and a triazinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a triazinyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In various embodiments, in Formula 20A, at least one selected from Ar₂₁₁ to Ar₂₁₃ may be a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrenyl group.

For example, the electron transport layer may include at least one selected from Compounds ET1 to ET17, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

A thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, for example, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that when the thickness of the electron transport layer is within these ranges, satisfactory electron transport characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport layer may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include a lithium (Li) complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (lithium quinolate (LiQ)) or Compound ET-D2:

In addition, the electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates electron injection from the second electrode 19.

The electron injection layer may include at least one selected from LiF, NaCl, CsF, Li₂, and BaO.

A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 10 0 Å, for example, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is understood that when the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The second electrode 19 is disposed on the organic layer 15. The second electrode 19 may be a cathode. A material for forming the second electrode 19 may be selected from metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a combination thereof, which have a relatively low work function. For example, Li, Mg, Al, Al—Li, Ca, Mg—In, or Mg—Ag may be used as a material for forming the second electrode 19. In various embodiments, to manufacture a top emission-type light-emitting device, a transmissive electrode formed using ITO or IZO may be used as the second electrode 19.

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device 10 has been described with reference to FIG. 1, but is not limited thereto.

A C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group as used herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an iso-amyl group, and a hexyl group. A C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

A C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group as used herein refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₁ is the C₁-C₆₀₀ alkyl group), and examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an iso-propyloxy (iso-propoxy) group.

A C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by including at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at either terminal end of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group. Examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. A C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

A C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group formed by including at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at either terminal end of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group. Examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. A C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

A C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. A C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

A C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent saturated monocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, Si, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include a tetrahydrofuranyl group and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. A C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group.

A C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group carbon as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof, and which is not aromatic. Examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. A C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

A C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkenyl group as used herein refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring. Examples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. A C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkenylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

A C₆-C₆₀ aryl group as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and a C₆-C₆₀ arylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene group each include two or more rings, the respective rings may be fused to each other.

A C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group as used herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. A C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group as used herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system that has at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the respective rings may be fused to each other.

A C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group as used herein indicates —OA₁₀₂ (wherein A₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group as used herein indicates —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group), and a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group as used herein indicates -A₁₀₄A₁₀₅ (wherein A₁₄ is the C₆-C₅₉ aryl group and A₁₀₅ is the C₁-C₅₃ alkyl group).

A C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group as used herein indicates —OA₁₀₆ (wherein A₁₀₆ is the C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl group), a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group as used herein indicates —SA₁₀₇ (wherein A₁₀₇ is the C₂-C₆₀ heteroaryl group), and a C₃-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group as used herein indicates -A₁₀₈A₁₀₉ (wherein A₁₀₈ is the C₂-C₅₉ heteroaryl group and A₁₀₉ is the C₁-C₅₈ alkyl group).

A monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, a group having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) that has two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as a ring forming atom, and which is non-aromatic in the entire molecular structure. An example of the non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group includes a fluorenyl group. A divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

A monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group as used herein refers to a monovalent group (for example, a group having 2 to 60 carbon atoms) that has two or more rings condensed to each other, has a heteroatom selected from N, O, P and S, other than carbon atoms, as a ring-forming atom, and which is non-aromatic in the entire molecular structure. An example of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group includes a carbazolyl group. A divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group as used herein refers to a divalent group having the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

At least one of substituent(s) of the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —S(Q₁₃)(Q₁₄)(Q₁₅), and —B(Q₁₆)(Q₁₇);

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group;

a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —Si(Q₂₃)(Q₂₄)(Q₂₅), and —B(Q₂₆)(Q₂₇); and

—N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —Si(Q₃₃)(Q₃₄)(Q₃₅), and —B(Q₃₆)(Q₃₇), and

Q₁ to Q₇, Q₁ to Q₁₇, Q₂₁ to Q₂₇, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

When a group containing a specified number of carbon atoms is substituted with any of the groups listed in the preceding paragraphs, the number of carbon atoms in the resulting “substituted” group is defined as the sum of the carbon atoms contained in the original (unsubstituted) group and the carbon atoms (if any) contained in the substituent. For example, when the term “substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl” refers to a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group substituted with C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the total number of carbon atoms in the resulting aryl substituted alkyl group is C₇-C₁₂₀.

The term “room temperature” as used herein refers to a temperature of about 25° C.

Hereinafter, a compound according to embodiments and an organic light-emitting device according to embodiments will be described in detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples below, but the present inventive concept is not limited to Synthesis Examples and Examples below. The expression “‘B’ was used instead of ‘A’” used in describing Synthesis Examples below means that the number of molar equivalents of ‘B’ used was identical to the number of molar equivalents of ‘A’.

EXAMPLES Evaluation Example 1: Evaluation of PL Spectrum and TRPL Spectrum

A quartz substrate cleaned by chloroform and pure water was prepared, and then, the predetermined materials listed on Table 1 were vacuum-(co)deposited at vacuum degree of about 10⁻⁷ torr to prepare Films D1, A1, D1:A1, A2, D1:A2, A3, D1:A3, D11, D11:A2, TDTA, BmPyPb, TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP, B3PYMPM, CBP:B3PYMPM, and TCTA:3TPYMB, each having a thickness of about 50 nanometers (nm).

TABLE 1 Name of films Compound used in film preparation Film D1 Compound D1 Film A1 Compound A1 Film D1:A1 Compound D1:Compound A1 (at a volume ratio of 1:1) Film A2 Compound A2 Film D1:A2 Compound D1:Compound A2 (at a volume ratio of 1:1) Film A3 Compound A3 Film D1:A3 Compound D1:Compound A3 (at a volume ratio of 1:1) Film D11 Compound D11 Film D11:A2 Compound D11:Compound A2 (at a volume ratio of 1:1) Film TCTA TCTA Film BmPyPb BmPyPb Film TCTA:BmPyPb TCTA:BmPyPb (at a volume ratio of 1:1) Film CBP CBP Film B3PYMPM B3PYMPM Film CBP:B3PYMPM CBP:B3PYMPM (at a volume ratio of 1:1) Film TCTA:3TPYMB TCTA:3TPYMB (at a volume ratio of 1:1)

Subsequently, a PL spectrum for each of Films D1, A1, D1:A1, A2, D1:A2, A3, D1:A3, BmPyPb, TCTA, TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP, B3PYMPM, CBP:B3PYMPM, D11, and D11:A2 was evaluated at room temperature by using an absolute PL quantum yield measurement system, Quantaurus-QY (manufactured by Hamamatus), and the respective results are shown in FIGS. 2A to 2F.

It was determined that a wavelength of the PL spectrum for Film D1:A1 in FIG. 2A was shifted toward longer wavelengths, compared to the PL spectra for Films D1 and A1, a wavelength of the PL spectrum for Film D1:A2 in FIG. 2B was shifted toward longer wavelengths, compared to the PL spectra for Films D1 and A2, a wavelength of the PL spectrum for Film D1:A3 in FIG. 2C was shifted toward longer wavelengths, compared to the PL spectra for Films D1 and A, and a wavelength of the PL spectrum for Film D11:A2 in FIG. 2F was shifted toward longer wavelengths, compared to the PL spectra for Films D11 and A2. In this regard, it was determined that each combination of compounds used to prepare Films D1:A1, D1:A2, D1:A3, and D11:A2 led to formation of an exciplex.

In addition, it was determined that Film D1:A1 in FIG. 2A had a maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) of about 423 nm, Film D1:A2 in FIG. 2B had a maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) of about 427 nm, Film D1:A3 in FIG. 2C had a maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) of about 430 nm, and Film D11:A2 in FIG. 2F had a maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) of about 430 nm. In this regard, it was determined that the exciplex formed by Compounds D1 and A1, the exciplex formed by Compounds D1 and A2, the exciplex formed by Compounds D1 and A3, and the exciplex formed by Compounds D11 and A2 each emitted blue light within a wavelength band (460±10 nm) available for energy transfer to all of blue illuminants for display.

In addition, it was determined that a wavelength of the PL spectrum for Film TCTA:BmPyPb in FIG. 2D was shifted toward longer wavelengths, compared to the PL spectra for Films TCTA and BmPyPb, and a wavelength of the PL spectrum for Film CBP:B3PYMPM in FIG. 2E was shifted toward longer wavelengths, compared to the PL spectra for Films CBP and B3PYMPM. In this regard, it was determined that each combination of compounds used to prepare Films TCTA:BmPyPb and CBP:B3PYMPM led to formation of an exciplex.

Subsequently, PL spectra for each of Films D1, A1, D1:A1, A2, D1:A2, A3, D1:A3, TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP:B3PYMPM, and D11:A2 were evaluated at room temperature by using a TRPL measurement system, FluoTime 300 (manufactured by PicoQuant), and a pumping laser, PLS340 (manufactured by PicoQuant, excitation wavelength=340 nm, spectral width=20 nm). Then, a wavelength of main peaks in the PL spectra was determined, and upon photon pulses (pulse width=500 picoseconds) applied to the films by PLS340, the number of photons emitted at a wavelength of main peaks for each of the films was repeatedly measured with time by time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC), thereby obtaining TRPL curves available for the sufficient fitting. Based on the results obtained therefrom, two or more exponential decay functions were set forth for the fitting, thereby obtaining a decay time T_(decay) (Ex) for each of Films D1:A1, D1:A2, D1:A3, TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP:B3PYMPM, and D11:A2. The functions used for the fitting are the same as described in Equation 1, and a decay time T_(decay) having the largest value among values for each of the exponential decay functions used for the fitting was taken as a decay time T_(decay) (Ex). The remaining decay time T_(decay) values were used to determine the lifetime of typical fluorescence to be decayed. Here, during the same measurement time as the measurement time for obtaining TRPL curves, the same measurement was repeated once more at the dark state (i.e., a state where a pumping signal incident on a predetermined film was blocked), thereby obtaining a baseline or a background signal curve available as a baseline for the fitting.

Subsequently, the exponential decay curve (=changes in intensity over time), which was to be determined as the decay time T_(decay) (Ex), was measured with respect to an integrated value of time-dependent intensity of the overall emission, and accordingly, a ratio of the integrated value over time was calculated, thereby evaluating the ratio of delayed fluorescent portion to the overall light-emitting portions:

(t)=Σ_(i=1) ^(n) A _(i) exp(−t/T _(decay,i)).  Equation 1

In graphs of Films D1:A1, D1:A2, D1:A3, TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP:B3PYMPM, and D11:A2 shown in FIGS. 3A to 3F, the decay time T_(decay) (Ex) of delayed fluorescence and the ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion to the overall light-emitting portions are each summarized in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion to the overall Name of films T_(decay) (Ex) light-emitting portions Film D1:A1 158 ns   42% Film D1:A2 230 ns   65% Film D1:A3 315 ns   10% Film TCTA:BmPyPb  75 ns    4% Film CBP:B3PYMPM 173 ns    8% Film D11:A2 193 ns 53.53%

Referring to Table 2, it was determined that:

i) the exciplex formed by Compounds D1 and A1,

ii) the exciplex formed by Compounds D1 and A2,

iii) the exciplex formed by Compounds D1 and A3, and

iv) the exciplex formed by Compounds 11 and A2 “simultaneously” had a T_(decay) (Ex) of about 100 ns or more and 10% or more of the ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion to the overall light-emitting portions.

Although the formation of exciplex was identified in Films TCTA:BmPyPb and CBP:B3PYMPM, the ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion to the overall light-emitting portions in these films was less than about 10%. That is, it was determined that the contribution of delayed fluorescence associated with the exciplex formed in these films to the overall fluorescence was relatively small.

Evaluation Example 2: Evaluation of HOMO and LUMO Energy Levels

According to methods described in Table 3, the HOMO and the LUMO energy levels of Compounds D1, A1, A2, and A3 were evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 4. In addition, a difference between the HOMO and the LUMO energy levels was calculated and shown in Table 5.

TABLE 3 HOMO energy Cyclic voltammetry (CV) (electrolyte: 0.1 M level evaluation Bu₄NPF₆/solvent: CH₂Cl₂/electrode: 3-electrode system (operation electrode: Pt disc (1 mm diameter), standard electrode: Pt wire, auxiliary electrode: Pt wire)) was used to obtain a potential (V)-current (A) graph for each compound, to thereby calculate HOMO energy levels for each compound based on an oxidation onset on the graph. LUMO energy Each compound was diluted with CHCl₃ at a level evaluation concentration of 1 × 10⁻⁵ molar (M), and a Shimadzu UV-350 spectrometer was used to measure a UV absorption spectrum for each compound at room temperature, to thereby calculate the LUMO energy levels for each compound based on optical band gap (Eg) at edges of the absorption spectrum and the HOMO energy levels for each compound.

TABLE 4 Compound HOMO energy level LUMO energy level No. (eV) (measured) (eV) (measured) D1 −5.489 −2.025 A1 −5.677 −2.108 A2 −5.753 −2.236 A3 −5.747 −2.221

TABLE 5 Item Calculated value (eV) |HOMO (A1)-HOMO (D1)| 0.188 |HOMO (A2)-HOMO (D1)| 0.264 |HOMO (A3)-HOMO (D1)| 0.258 |LUMO (A1)-LUMO (D1)| 0.083 |LUMO (A2)-LUMO (D1)| 0.211 |LUMO (A3)-LUMO (D1)| 0.196

Referring to Tables 4 and 5, it was determined that Compounds D1, A1, A2, and A3 had appropriate electric characteristics for the formation of the exciplex that can emit delay fluorescence.

Evaluation Example 3: Evaluation of PL Stability

Immediately after the formation of Films D11:A2, TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP:B3PYMPM, and TCTA:3TPYMB, a He—Cd laser (manufactured by KIMMON-KOHA, excitation wavelength=325 nm) was used to evaluate a PL spectrum for each of the formed films at room temperature under an argon (Ar) atmosphere from which ambient air was blocked. Then, intensity 11 (arbitrary units, a.u.) of light at a maximum emission wavelength in the PL spectrum was measured for each of the formed films, and the results are summarized in Table 6.

Subsequently, under an Ar atmosphere from which ambient air was blocked, each of Films D11:A2, TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP:B3PYMPM, and TCTA:3TPYMB was exposed to light for 3 hours, the light being emitted from a pumping laser, the He—Cd laser (manufactured by KIMMON-KOHA, excitation wavelength=325 nm), used in the evaluation of the intensity 11. Then, the He—Cd laser (manufactured by KIMMON-KOHA, excitation wavelength=325 nm) was used to evaluate PL spectra for the films, which underwent the exposure, at room temperature. Then, intensity I₂ (a.u.) of light at a maximum emission wavelength in the PL spectrum was measured for each of the formed films, and the results are summarized in Table 6.

The PL spectra (denoted as As prepared) for Films D11:A2, TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP:B3PYMPM, and TCTA:3TPYMB measured immediately after the formation of each of the films and the PL spectra (denoted as 3-hr exposed) for the same films measured after 3 hour-irradiation to light emitted from the laser are separately shown in FIGS. 4A to 4D.

Based on the intensities I₁ and I₂ measured as described above, the equation (I₂/I₁)×100(%) was calculated to represent PL stability of each of the formed films. The results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 (I₂/I₁) × 100 (%) Name of films I₁ (a.u.) I₂ (a.u.) (PL stability) Film D11:A2 0.045 0.039 87 Film TCTA:BmPyPb 0.067 0.039 58 Film CBP:B3PYMPM 0.078 0.044 56 Film TCTA:3TPYMB 0.028 0.008 29

Referring to Table 6, it was determined that Film D11:A2 had better PL stability than Films TCTA:BmPyPb, CBP:B3PYMPM, and TCTA:3TPYMB.

Example 1: Manufacture of Organic Light-Emitting Device (OLED)

An anode was prepared by cutting a glass substrate, on which an ITO electrode was formed, to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.5 mm (mm=millimeters), ultrasonically cleaning the glass substrate by using acetone iso-propyl alcohol and pure water for 15 minutes each, and then, irradiating UV light for 30 minutes thereto and exposing the glass substrate to ozone to clean the glass substrate.

Compounds HT3 and HP-1 (HP-1 at a concentration of 3 percent by weight, wt %) were co-deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 100 Angstroms, A, Compound HT3 was deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 1,700 Å, and Compound D1 was deposited on the hole transport layer to form an electron blocking layer having a thickness of 100 Å.

Compounds D1, A1, and PD79 were co-deposited on the electron blocking layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 400 Å.

Compound A4 was deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 100 Å, Compound ET17 and LiQ were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 5:5 on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 360 Å, LiQ was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 5 Å, and A1 was deposited on the electron injection layer to a thickness of 120 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device (OLED). Donor compounds, acceptor compounds, and phosphorescent dopants used in the formation of emission layers of OLEDs 1 to 3, 10, A, and B manufactured herein and volume ratios of these materials are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Donor Acceptor Phosphorescent Volume OLED No. compound compound dopant ratio  1 Compound D1 Compound A1 PD79 27:63:10  2 Compound D1 Compound A2 PD79 27:63:10  3 Compound D1 Compound A3 PD79 27:63:10 10 Compound D11 Compound A2 PD79 27:63:10 A TCTA BmPyPb PD79 27:63:10 B CBP B3PYMPM PD79 27:63:10

Evaluation Example 4

The driving voltage, efficiency, current efficiency, color purity (CIEx, CIEy), roll off ratios, and lifespan (T₉₅) characteristics of the OLEDs 1, 2, 3, 10, A, and B prepared herein were measured by using a Keithley 2400 current-voltage meter and a Minolta Cs-1000A luminance meter, and the results are shown in Table 8. In Table 8, the lifespan T₉₅ (at 500 nit) results are data obtained by measuring the time at which the luminance of an OLED was 95% of the initial luminance (100%). The roll-off ratios were calculated according to Equation 20:

Roll off={1−(efficiency (at 9,000 nit)/maximum emission efficiency)}×100%  Equation 20

TABLE 8 Driving Lifespan OLED Donor Acceptor Phosphorescent voltage Efficiency (T₉₅) No. compound compound dopant (V) (cd/A) CIE_x CIE_y (hr)  1 Compound Compound PD79 3.54 37.23 0.176 0.298 12.4 D1 A1  2 Compound Compound PD79 3.62 40.32 0.172 0.272 32.4 D1 A2  3 Compound Compound PD79 3.72 40.99 0.171 0.291 13.7 D1 A3 10 Compound Compound PD79 3.61 40.00 0.168 0.246 46.3 D11 A2 A TCTA BmPyPB PD79 4.48 24.53 0.171 0.290 0.5 B CBP B3PYMPM PD79 5.95 19.66 0.172 0.293 1

Referring to Table 8, it was determined that OLEDs 1, 2, 3, and 10 had low driving voltage, high efficiency, and long lifespan, compared to those of OLEDs A and B.

Example 2: Preparation of Top Emission-Type OLED

A silver (Ag) reflector was formed, and an anode was prepared on the Ag reflector by cutting a glass substrate, on which an ITO electrode was formed, to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.5 mm, ultrasonically cleaning the glass substrate by using acetone iso-propyl alcohol and pure water for 15 minutes each, and then irradiating UV light for 30 minutes thereto and exposing the glass substrate to ozone to clean the glass substrate.

Compounds HT3 and HP-1 (HP-1 at a concentration of 3 wt %) were co-deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 100 Å, Compound HT3 was deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 1,700 Å, and Compound D1 was deposited on the hole transport layer to form an electron blocking layer having a thickness of 100 Å.

Compound D1, Compound A2, and a phosphorescent dopant (PD79) were co-deposited on the electron blocking layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 400 Å.

Compound ET17 and LiQ were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 5:5 on the emission layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 360 Å, LiQ was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 5 Å, a Mg—Ag electrode (Ag in an amount of 10 wt %) was deposited on the electron injection layer to a thickness of 120 Å, and Compound HT13 was formed on the Mg—Ag electrode to form a capping layer having a thickness of 600 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of a top-emission OLED, which is referred to as OLED 4.

Evaluation Example 5

The driving voltage, efficiency, color purity (CIEy), and lifespan (T₉₅) characteristics of OLED 4 were measured by using a Keithley 2400 current-voltage meter and a Minolta Cs-1000A luminance meter, and the results are shown in FIGS. 5A to 5C and Table 9. In Table 9, the lifespan T₉₅ (at 500 nit) results are data obtained by measuring the time at which the luminance of an OLED was 95% of the initial luminance (100%).

TABLE 9 Life- Donor Phos- Driving Effi- span OLED com- Acceptor phorescent voltage ciency (L₉₅) No. pound compound dopant (V) (cd/A) CIE_y (hr) 4 Com- Compound Compound 4.44 14.00 0.056 3.6 pound A2 PD79 D1

Referring to Table 9, it was determined that OLED 4 has low driving voltage, high efficiency, and long lifespan.

As described above, an exciplex in a mixture has a relatively high triplet state T₁ energy level and a relatively low singlet state S₁ energy level at the same time, and an OLED including a thin film including the mixture and a phosphorescent dopant has low driving voltage, high efficiency, high luminance, and long lifespan characteristics at the same time.

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.

While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A thin film comprising: i) a combination of a donor compound and an acceptor compound, and ii) an organometallic compound, wherein the donor compound and the acceptor compound form an exciplex, wherein a maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) (Ex) in a photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 390 nanometers or greater and about 490 nanometers or less, wherein a decay time T_(decay)(Ex) of delayed fluorescence in a time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 100 nanoseconds or greater, wherein a ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion to the overall light-emitting portions in the time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 10% or greater, wherein a photoluminescence stability of the exciplex is 60% or greater, wherein the photoluminescence spectrum and the time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex are each a spectrum measured at room temperature with respect to a film that is formed by co-deposition of the donor compound and the acceptor compound on a substrate, and wherein photoluminescence stability of the exciplex is evaluated according to Equation 10: PL stability (%)=(I ₂ /I ₁)×100  Equation 10 wherein, in Equation 10, I₁ is an intensity of a light at the maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) (Ex) in a photoluminescence spectrum of Film 1, which is obtained immediately after formation of a film by co-deposition of the donor compound and the acceptor compound on a substrate, measured at room temperature in an inert atmosphere in which external air is excluded, and I₂ is an intensity of a light at the maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) (Ex) in a photoluminescence spectrum of Film 2, which is obtained after exposure of the Film 1 to pumping laser light used in the evaluation of I₁ in an inert atmosphere in which external air is excluded for 3 hours, measured at room temperature in an inert atmosphere in which external air is excluded.
 2. The thin film of claim 1, wherein the maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) (Ex) is about 390 nanometers or greater and about 440 nanometers or less.
 3. The thin film of claim 1, wherein a decay time T_(decay)(Ex) of delayed fluorescence in a time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 100 nanoseconds to about 10 milliseconds.
 4. The thin film of claim 1, wherein a ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion to the overall light-emitting portions in the time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 10% to about 65% or greater.
 5. The thin film of claim 1, wherein an absolute value of the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the donor compound |HOMO (D) is about 5.78 electron volts or less, an absolute value of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of the acceptor compound |LUMO (A) is about 1.76 electron volts or greater, the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the donor compound is calculated by using cyclic voltammetry, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of the acceptor compound is calculated by using an ultraviolet absorption spectrum measured at room temperature.
 6. The thin film of claim 1, wherein an absolute value of the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level difference between the acceptor compound and the donor compound |HOMO (A)−HOMO (D)| is about 0.037 electron volts or greater and about 1.1 electron volts or less, an absolute value of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level difference between the acceptor compound and the donor compound |LUMO (A)−LUMO (D)| is about 0.001 electron volts or greater and about 1.1 electron volts or less, the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of the donor compound is calculated by using cyclic voltammetry, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of the acceptor compound is calculated by using an ultraviolet absorption spectrum measured at room temperature.
 7. The thin film of claim 1, wherein the acceptor compound comprises at least one electron-withdrawing group, and wherein the electron-withdrawing group is selected from: —F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, —CN, and —NO₂; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group substituted with at least one selected from —F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, —CN, and —NO₂; a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic heterocyclic group, each comprising *═N—*′ as a ring-forming moiety; and a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic heterocyclic group, each comprising *═N—*′ as a ring-forming moiety and each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
 8. The thin film of claim 7, wherein the donor compound is selected from a compound represented by Formula D-1, and the acceptor compound is selected from compounds represented by Formulae A-1 and A-2:

wherein, in Formulae D-1, A-1, A-2, and 11 to 14, Ar₁ is selected from groups represented by Formulae 11 and 12, Ar₂ is selected from: groups represented by Formulae 11 and 12, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group; and a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, Ar₁₁ and Ar₁₂ are each independently selected from groups represented by Formulae 13 and 14, X₁ is N or C(T₁₄), X₂ is N or C(T₁₅), and X₃ is N or C(T_(1s)), wherein at least one selected from X₁ to X₃ is N, L₁ is selected from: a single bond, a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a carbazolylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, and a dibenzothiophenylene group; and a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a carbazolylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, and a dibenzothiophenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), L₁₁ to L₁₃ are each independently selected from: a single bond, a phenylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a carbazolylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, and a dibenzothiophenylene group; and a phenylene group, a pyridinylene group, a pyrimidinylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a carbazolylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, and a dibenzothiophenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H, —CFH₂, a phenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a cyano group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), a1 and a11 to a13 are each independently an integer selected from 0 to 5, and when a1 is 2 or greater, groups L₁ are identical to or different from each other, when a11 is 2 or greater, groups L₁₁ are identical to or different from each other, when a12 is 2 or greater, groups L₁₂ are identical to or different from each other, and when a13 is 2 or greater, groups L₁₃ are identical to or different from each other, CY₁ to CY₄ are each independently selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a carbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group, A₁ is selected from: a single bond, a C₁-C₄ alkylene group, and a C₂-C₄ alkenylene group; and a C₁-C₄ alkylene group and a C₂-C₄ alkenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), A₂ is selected from: a single bond, a C₁-C₄ alkylene group, and a C₂-C₄ alkenylene group; and a C₁-C₄ alkylene group and a C₂-C₄ alkenylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), R₁, R₁₀, and R₂₀ are each independently selected from: hydrogen, deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), T₁₁ to T₁₆, R₂, R₃₀, and R₄₀ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), b1 to b4 are each independently an integer selected from 0 to 10, at least one of substituent(s) of the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
 9. The thin film of claim 8, wherein Ar₁ is selected from groups represented by Formulae 15-1 to 15-17 and 16-1 to 16-8, Ar₂ is selected from groups represented by Formulae 15-1 to 15-17 and 16-1 to 16-8, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and a benzimidazolyl group substituted with a phenyl group, and Ar₁₁ and Ar₁₂ are each independently selected from groups represented by Formulae 17-1 to 17-3:

wherein, in Formulae 15-1 to 15-17, 16-1 to 16-8, and 17-1 to 17-3, X₁₁ and X₁₃ are each independently C(R₁₇)(R₁₈), N(R₁₉), O, or S, R′ and R″ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, R₁, R₁₀, R_(10a) to R₁₀, and R₂₀ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), R₃₀ and R₄₀ are each independently selected from: hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H, and —CFH₂; a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, —CF₃, —CF₂H and —CFH₂, a phenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), and Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, and a naphthyl group.
 10. The thin film of claim 1, wherein the donor compound is selected from Compounds D1 to D17, and the acceptor compound is selected from Compounds A1 to A11:


11. The thin film of claim 1, wherein the organometallic compound comprises at least one cyano group, at least one deuterium, or a combination thereof.
 12. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and second electrode, wherein the organic layer comprises the thin film of claim
 1. 13. The organic light-emitting device of claim 12, wherein the thin film is an emission layer, and wherein the combination in the thin film is a host.
 14. A thin film comprising: i) a combination of a donor compound and an acceptor compound, and ii) a blue dopant being an organometallic compound, wherein the donor compound and the acceptor compound form an exciplex, wherein the acceptor compound comprises at least one electron-withdrawing group selected from: —F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, —CN, and —NO₂; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group substituted with at least one selected from —F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, —CN, and —NO₂; a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic heterocyclic group, each comprising *═N—*′ as a ring-forming moiety; and a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic heterocyclic group, each comprising *═N—*′ as a ring-forming moiety and each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —CFH₂, —CF₂H, —CF₃, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amino group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₆₀ arylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ heteroarylalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein a maximum emission wavelength λ_(max) (Ex) in a photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 390 nanometers or greater and about 490 nanometers or less, wherein a decay time T_(decay)(Ex) of delayed fluorescence in a time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 100 nanoseconds or greater, wherein a ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion to the overall light-emitting portions in the time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 10% or greater, and wherein the photoluminescence spectrum and the time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex are each a spectrum measured at room temperature with respect to a film that is formed by co-deposition of the donor compound and the acceptor compound on a substrate.
 15. The thin film of claim 14, wherein a decay time T_(decay)(Ex) of delayed fluorescence in a time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 100 nanoseconds to about 10 milliseconds.
 16. The thin film of claim 14, wherein a ratio of a delayed fluorescence portion to the overall light-emitting portions in the time-resolved photoluminescence spectrum of the exciplex is about 10% to about 65% or greater.
 17. The thin film of claim 14, wherein the electron-withdrawing group is not a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a pyrimidinyl group substituted with a methyl group.
 18. The thin film of claim 14, wherein the organometallic compound comprises at least one cyano group, at least one deuterium, or a combination thereof.
 19. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and second electrode, wherein the organic layer comprises the thin film of claim
 14. 20. The organic light-emitting device of claim 19, wherein the thin film is an emission layer, and wherein the combination in the thin film is a host. 